SketchUp has “components” which can be included by reference, so you could create a rod component and use it multiple times. Changing the component would change all the uses of the component. This isn’t as flexible as parametric design because you can’t make negative components ( like the M5 vs M3 holes in your example), nor can you use the same parameter in different components like a slot and a tab sharing the same parameter.
I don’t believe TinkerCAD supports components or parameters, but I’ve not tried to do so.
The Prusa Printer is a great example of parametric design; the whole printer spec is controlled through OpenSCAD files. If you wanted to swap out a heavier (and bigger) stepper or change the bed size, there are parameters controlling those specs, and the changes would flow through the various plastic parts as well.