"Optogeneticists use molecules from algae or other microorganisms that respond to light or create new molecules to do the same, and insert them into nerve cells that are normally impervious to light. By shining light of certain wavelengths on the molecules, researchers can control the activity of the nerve cells.
"Optogenetics is a powerful tool for probing the inner workings of the brain (SN: 1/30/10, p. 18). In mice, researchers have used optogenetics to study feeding behavior (SN: 3/7/15, p. 8), map aggression circuits (SN: 3/21/15, p. 18) and even alter memories (SN: 10/4/14, p. 6; SN: 8/24/13, p. 18).
"Optogenetics involves inserting an algae protein into a nerve cell’s membrane. In the dark, the protein, called channelrhodopsin-2, or ChR2, is closed. When blue light hits it, the channel opens and allows ions to flow in. That triggers the cell to send a signal to other cells.
“After years of work with animals, researchers are now poised to insert optogenetic molecules into the retinal cells of people. The aim is to restore vision in those whose rods and cones don’t work.”
“How to rewire the eye”
Transforming nerve cells into light-sensing cells aims to restore sight in some blind patients